miscellaneous, Space

The Goldilocks Zone—Part 3

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What if Earth were in the center of the galaxy instead of a far away arm? How would gravity be different, and could human life be sustained or develop?

Continuing our discussion about the Goldilocks Zone—that area of a planet where conditions are just right to sustain life, especially human-like life—I move now from conditions on the planet itself to things in the planet’s neighborhood. I’ve already discussed the general concept of a Goldilocks Zone and factors affecting the temperature, which must be just right for human life to thrive.

The first of two things off the planet to discuss is gravity. Gravity? you say. Isn’t that on the planet? Well, yes, it is. Perhaps “off the planet” is not the best term. Anyone who has taken fundamental science in school has learned about gravity: the pull two objects exert on each other. It holds air close to Earth, creating the atmosphere we need for life. It’s what keeps our feet firmly planted on Earth, and why we can’t jump off of it. It’s why we fall if we lose our balance.

But we know it takes two bodies to gravitationally tango. This is demonstrated by the tides, which have been shown to be related to the moon’s gravitational tug on earth. Those tides are variable based on the lunar cycles.

I’m not saying we need a moon-ocean connection for human life to form but simply using the moon as an example of something in the neighborhood that affects our gravity. I’m trying to talk through the likelihood of another planet being out there somewhere in the Milky Way or another galaxy being able to sustain human life. Some people believe, given the number of galaxies and stars out there, the existence of finding other life-sustaining planets is a virtual certainty, including planets where human-like life could have developed. I’m simply talking through that scenario.

The Goldilocks Zone concept, as I’ve seen it presented, is usually posed as a question of temperature and nothing else. But could gravity play a factor? What if you had a planet with the moon’s gravity. If it could hold an atmosphere in place, could humans live in only that little gravity? Could human life have developed in only that little gravity? I sort of doubt it. Some different kind of life would have developed. You wouldn’t see a bunch of Armstrongs and Aldrins bounding around. But will wait for scientific experts to weigh in.

What about other celestial objects, such as the sun and other planets? Obviously the sun plays a big roll, its gravity holding Earth in orbit. Could you find a planet with a sun, say, three times the mass of ours, and place a planet in orbit around it so that a Goldilocks temperature could exist, would the gravity properties be such that human life could exist? Or what if the planet were twice as big as Earth? Same question. Would that planet hold so much air in place that the atmospheric pressure would be too great for humans to live in it?

Let’s go a little farther afield in the celestial neighborhood. What about a planet rotating around a star near the center of our galaxy. Would all the other stars around it combined exert so much gravitational force that it would be so different from ours that human life couldn’t exist? or not develop in the first place? I realize we are talking about four or five light years between stars. But what if you had bunches and bunches of stars?

I’m asking questions I don’t know the answers to. I suspect scientists, somewhere on Earth, understand gravity so much they can tell what conditions are an a supposed planet twice Earth’s size rotating a sun thrice our sun’s size in a celestial neighborhood 100 times more cluttered than ours. What are the “G” forces on a human at that equator, and could they exist there in that gravity if the temperature were right?

We have learned from long-term periods in space that it’s almost impossible for humans to maintain muscle mass and tone in Zero G, even with lots of exercise. What will happen on a theoretical exoplanet with G forces so foreign to our bodies? A biologist might—or might not—be able to answer that question.

The next post in this series will discuss one more celestial neighborhood factor in the presence of a Goldilocks Zone.

miscellaneous, Space

The Goldilocks Zone—Part 2

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Does this galaxy, of a billion or more stars, have an exoplanet that includes a Goldilocks zone?

So, we are talking about planets outside of our solar system, exoplanets, and whether we might find among them a so-called “Goldilocks Zone”—a place on the planet where the amount of sunshine, atmosphere, and water could sustain human-like life.  A side question would be whether such a planet could sustain any type of life. But, for the sake of this series of articles, we are discussing only human life.

It seems to me, the biggest factors in the presence of a Goldilocks Zone are the location away from its star and movement relative to that star and how those impact the planet’s surface temperature.

A just-right temperature is the most obvious need. But that’s a fairly wide range. With environmental adaption and bodily protection, humans live from the lower polar regions to the hot deserts. Not the coldest parts of the poles, and not the very hottest, dryest deserts, but close to them.  As I say, that’s a pretty good range, indicating that humans are adaptable in a broad range of temperatures. That means we should have a pretty good chance of finding a suitable exoplanet, right?

Not so fast. On Earth, part of what determines the temperature is the Earth’s rotation. If it didn’t rotate, not much of the world’s surface would be habitable. The tropics would be out, for without 12 hours rotated away from the sun’s rays, the temperature would be too hot. I don’t know just how much Earth’s own Goldilocks Zone would shrink, but I would think it would shrink significantly.

Then, what about the tilt of Earth’s axis, that thing that gives us seasons? This results in a change in temperature between winter and summer, but does it also impact average temperature? Good question. And if the tilt impacts the Goldilocks Zone, does the wobble of the tilt also have an impact?

Then, what about the elliptical nature of Earth’s orbit? We aren’t always the same distance from the sun. Does that have an impact? I’m not sure it does, but it’s one more factor in Earth’s movements relative to the sun to think about.

Another obvious factor in maintaining temperature is the atmosphere. The heat from a star would radiate away at those parts of the planet not receiving sunlight except that the atmosphere holds some heat in. We know this because of how much colder it gets on a clear winter night compared to a cloudy winter night. And does the amount of moisture in the atmosphere affect this? I think it does.

What else is involved? I suspect the color of the planet makes a difference. Certain colors will reflect heat; certain other colors will absorb heat. And does the color of the Earth’s oceans, i.e. the reflection vs. absorption factor of the color of major water bodies, (not the heat retaining factor) affect the overall temperature? I suspect so.

One other factor occurs to me, which is the temperature of the inner core of the planet. Earth’s core is molten, covered with a thin, colder crust. Some of this inner heat finds an exit via volcanos, but it seems to me that some of this heat, perhaps just a little, must move up through the crust. I kind of suspect this is a minor factor, or maybe an Earth scientist will tell me it is no factor at all. If so, fine; I stand corrected.

All of this tells me that the factors that determine Earth’s temperature are very complicated. Distance. Rotation speed. Rotation angle. Orbit shape. Surface color. Interior temperature. Some of these factors are obviously major, some perhaps minor.

And temperature is not the only factor in a planet’s ability to have a Goldilocks Zone. The next couple of posts will discuss other possible factors in an exoplanet that may affect support of human lfe.

 

 

miscellaneous, Space

The Goldilocks Zone—Part 1

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Images from the James Webb telescope are fascinating.

New telescopes, positioned in earth orbit and not hampered by earth’s atmosphere, have shown amazing pictures of space, both far and near. We now see further and further into space and, based on how long light takes to travel, closer and closer to the beginning of the universe, with greatly clearer images. Hubbell and Webb are creating quite a stir.

This once again has resulted in a discussion of what’s out there. Is there any kind of life on other planets, planets we now know exist outside our solar system? What about human-ish life, with human constitution, mobility, and ability to think, reason, and build, to refashion their environment to better suit who they are?

Or looked at another way: is there a planet out there, somewhere in space, to which mankind can flee should we despoil out planet to such an extent—or if natural processes proceed to a point—that earth becomes unlivable? That’s assuming, of course, that we overcome the time-based limitations of space travel and get to the point where humans can physically travel to that planet and arrive there not only alive but also healthy enough to set up their new habitation.

What do we need in another planet to be able to live there? Scientists talk about a planet needing a so-called “Goldilocks Zone”—that is, a part of the planet where the climate is just right: not too hot and not too cold. For example, life can’t exist on Venus, as it’s too hot and we would all fry. Nor can it exist on Mars, which is too far away from the sun, hence too cold and we would all freeze. Oh, I know some say we could adapt the Martian environment sufficiently to  create a source of heat and thus develop a suitable habitation. Maybe. I’d have to study that one more.

Science fiction books talk a lot about terraforming other planets: the hypothetical process of modifying another planet’s or moon’s environment to make it suitable for supporting human life, transforming it into an Earth-like world. Check out a discussion of that here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraforming.

But just how rigid or flexible is the Goldilocks Zone? To look at how well humans have done in adapting to the wide range of climates Earth has, from the frigid polar regions to hot, humid tropics and hot, dry deserts, it seems we ought to be able to live on any planet that comes close to the conditions on Earth.

And, given the number of stars out there, and the number of galaxies, and the number of exoplanets we have already seen using our new telescopes, surely there’s a new earth for us. Heck, given the billions or maybe trillions of stars we can see, finding an exoplanet with a Goldilocks Zone is virtually assured. So the experts say.

Or maybe it’s the dreamers, not the experts, who are saying that.

In this series or posts, I’m going to explore the concept of a Goldilocks Zone, and talk through what it would have to include to support a transplanted human existence—or to have supported life in a way that resulted in another intelligent existence parallel to ours,

family, Genealogy

R.I.P.: Evelyn Wildman Menzies

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Evelyn and Sonny Menzies in 1998

It was about June 1998. I obtained some data about my maternal family from old address books of my grandmother that I took from my dad’s house after his death. We knew almost nothing about her family except her mother’s name (Rita Harris, the last name from a later marriage) and that she was from St. Lucia; the names of two half-sisters, Hiris and Hazel (but not, at that time, of the third, Muriel). My grandmother had told us her half-sisters were spinsters who had no children. But in the address books I found their names with different last names. Both Hiris and Hazel were in NY, but Hazel’s address was changed from NY to Alburquerque.

Making a long story a little shorter, another name with a New Mexico address was Evelyn Menzies. I sent to the Albuquerque newspaper for an obituary for Hazel (who I learned had died there in 1993), which listed Evelyn Menzies as her daughter. If Hazel was my grandmother’s half-sister, Evelyn would be my mom’s half-first-cousin and her children my half-second-cousins.

I decided to write Evelyn out of the blue, saying you probably don’t know who I am, but my research suggests you’re my mom’s cousin. Here’s how that letter started:

My name is David Todd. I am the grandson of Alfy M. (Sexton) Dorion, who was a half-sister of Hazel (Harris) Wildman. My research indicates that you are Hazel’s daughter. I got your address from the Albuquerque phone book, and your name from Hazel’s obituary. My purpose in writing to you is to introduce myself and to hopefully share family history and information.

While growing up, I knew that my grandmother had two half-sisters, Hiris and Hazel, but we never had any contact with them, never knew their last names, if they had families, etc. While going through dad’s papers over the last eight months (he died last August), I found address books which included Hiris’ name and address in New York City, and Hazel’s name and addresses in NYC and then Albuquerque. I next checked the Social Security Death Index, which listed both Hiris and Hazel and gave death dates and locations. Finding Hazel as having died in Albuquerque in 1993, I sent off to the newspaper for a copy of her obituary. It arrived yesterday.

I gave her information about the family and an anecdote about my great-grandmother so that she would know that I really knew her. Before long Evelyn called me. She said she knew who I was, that she had always known about her cousin Dorothy and her three children, even had pictures of us. I asked her why we never knew about them, and why my grandmother never had photos or them. Evelyn said, “It’s because we’re black.”

She went on to say that my great-grandmother was approximately 1/2 black, meaning I was part black. That was a bombshell, listening to Evelyn on the phone that Sunday in August, 1998 and hearing her strong Brooklyn accent. I had no idea.

That family wedding in 2000. Four of my half-second cousins in this photo.

Evelyn invited us to come to NM and meet them. We did that in November 1998. Evelyn put together some meetings with other family in the area. I met all her children and their children. It was a great time. A couple of years later Evelyn had us back for their son’s wedding, and then came to our daughter’s wedding.

Our contacts in person were few after that, but we kept in touch by phone. I found it incredible that she accepted us so readily into her family. Through the meetings, Evelyn told me much about our mutual family and what she knew about the St. Lucia years. Because of her, a new world and culture opened to me.

Evelyn died on August 14 [see her obituary here] after a long life, her children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren gathered around her. She is already missed by them all, me included.

self-publishing, Writing

Thinking It Through

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I used to have what I considered a cute expression that described my writing. This was before my wife got on Facebook. The expression was:

When I want to hide something from my wife, I post it on Facebook.

When I want to hide something from my family, I blog about it.

When I want to hide something from the world, I write it in a book and publish it.

Cute? Perhaps so, perhaps not.  But accurate? Most assuredly.

Too much to do, no significant results.

The fact is my writing has never caught on. I could post here the number of books and stories I’ve published and the number of sales I have. But it’s depressing. If it weren’t for running a few Amazon ads, I’d have no sales at all. But at least I’ve had enough sales over the years to more than cover the cost of the ads and put me a few hundred dollars ahead.

But this blog was for the purpose of getting my name out there and hopefully drive people to want to buy my books.

Obviously, I’m doing something wrong. Writing the wrong kind of books, or not writing well, or not publicizing/advertising them correctly. It costs me close to $500 a year to maintain this website. Most of that ($440) is for a security service I put in place after the site was hacked, I think that was in 2018. I’ve had no problems since then, other than many, many spam comments to posts. It’s about 30 spam comments to each real comment.

So, do I keep the website and blog? I don’t really know at this point. It’s not serving any useful purpose, so why keep it? The world doesn’t need to know about my daily schedule or the occasional genealogical triumph. They don’t care about where I stand with my current book, what books are planned, what I’m reading and if I liked it or not.

So I’m seriously considering stopping the blog more or less immediately, and stopping the website after my security subscription runs out in January.

Stay tuned.

Bible study, Christianity, Writing

Editing Almost Done

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Volume 5 is close to done.

My summer schedule continues, though knee and balance troubles have prevented me from walking as much as I would like.

My special projects continue. I’m transcribing one WW2 letter a day, handling 50 scan files a day, getting rid of most of them, and doing a few other odd things. Though I’m falling behind a little on my correspondence, and on family finances. Maybe I’ll get to them before the week is out.

A morning rainstorm is preventing me from going out to pick blackberries. The vines will be loaded tomorrow—or this evening if I can get out then.

One thing I got a little ahead on is editing my latest book, A Walk Through Holy Week Vol. 5. I knuckled down yesterday and finished it, which was one of the reasons I didn’t get a blog post written. I also wrote the Introduction, though it still needs a bit of work.

Leaving The Dungeon in a minute for a mug full, and reading in the sunroom.

In my first editorial pass through the book, which was mainly for proofreading, I was concerned that I had been repetitive in places. In the second editorial pass, just finished, I was able to make corrections to eliminate the most blatant redundancies. However, I’m not sure I caught them all. Thus, I will make a third editorial pass through it, reading it quickly as would someone who bought it and couldn’t put it down. I hope in this manner any more obvious repetition will stand out. I’m going to do this pass via an e-reader, marking any edits needed, I hope the reading takes only two or three days, and that I’ll find nothing more is needed, except for minor things.

My expectations now are that I’ll do the publishing tasks next week, July 14 to 18, and have it up for sale right after that.

I’ll then wait until September to tackle the remaining books in the series.

It’s now 11 AM and still raining. Time to get a little reading done—with a fresh mug of coffee.

Bible study, books, Genealogy, home improvements

Chipping Away

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The harvest is in progress, and a good harvest it is.

Today,  on our Independence Day holiday, my work continues. I transcribed another WW2 letter, bringing the total up to 13. No end in sight, but a pattern for what the letters are is beginning to emerge. I went through at least 50 scan files, verified that I have them also stored and properly named in OneDrive folders, and so was able to delete the scan files. Then brings me down to about 1325 left to go through, or about five weeks of work. I think it might actually be less than that, because I’ve already skipped close to 100 files that I’ll be keeping.

I picked blackberries this morning, close to a pint, from less than half the plants and only getting the easiest ones to pick. Cut back a few of the new branches so that the paths between rows are more easily navigable, and raked up the cuttings. The harvest is plentiful. After the season is over, I plan on a major cut back of the bushes. I have four rows of blackberry plants that have sprung up naturally. With judicious cutting on my part and a bit of training, these are producing a good harvest for three years in a row. But it’s at least twice as many blackberries as I need. So after this year’s harvest, and when the weather cools off some, I’ll take two rows out completely. I’m actually looking forward to that.

I’m finding the book I’m currently reading a bit of a slog (I have a habit of picking those), but I’ll get through the last 65% of it, somehow.

Decumulation continues. On Wednesday, we drove to south central Kansas and delivered to Lynda’s brother all the Cheney photos we don’t plan on keeping. That included six large framed photos and a large painting of the Cheney homestead ranch in Meade County. Her brother can now decide what to do with them. Good riddance to one burden. It frees us up to work on photos from the other side of her family and finish those, hopefully within a month.

Today I edited a chapter in my Bible study. Only two chapters to go. Then, I think one more read-through at a normal pace to check for duplication or incomplete sections, with hopefully only minor final edits, and it will be on to publishing.

Last night we walked to the municipal fireworks display. We don’t live far from where they shoot them off, but a ridge, a valley, and lots of tall trees prevent us from seeing them from our house. Driving there and getting involved in that mass of traffic is a pain. So for the first time we walked to the top of the ridge, a little over 1/3 mile, and joined a hundred or so people who had done the same thing. I don’t really care about fireworks all that much, but Lynda enjoyed it.

So as you can see, I’m staying busy. Wouldn’t have it any other way.

Bible study, Christianity, Decumulation, family, letters, travel, Writing

July Goals

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  1. Have a meet-up to deliver batch 1 of family photos to the one who has been clamoring to have them. Good riddance.
  2. Somehow, carve out enough time to finish editing my book-in-progress. Down to 3 chapters, but was unable to do any editing today, nor will tomorrow.
  3. Continue transcribing one letter a day of my father-in-law’s war letters.
  4. Continue to dispose of unneeded scan files on my computer and One Drive. Down to less than 1,450 now.
  5. Keep up with yardwork.
  6. Handle various financial matters and travel bookings.
Bible study, family, Genealogy, letters, stock market

Summer Schedule, New Project

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The typing is tedious, especially reading 83-year-old pencil scratching…

It’s hot out. Not as hot here at the north end of the southern states as it is in the Northeast, but our heat is definitely up. But of course, that’s to be expected for late June, almost July.

So I’ve changed my schedule. After rising, weighing, and checking my blood sugar, instead of going down to The Dungeon to begin various projects or work on my books, I go out and walk in the cool of the morning. I walked Monday-Tuesday-Wednesday this week, going 1.07, 1.28, 1.37 miles respectively. Thursday and Friday were slightly longer distances. And, as evidence of my healing from the many maladies of the last sixteen months, I’ve been able to walk without taking a walking stick to serve as a cane.

…but I’ll get through it, one letter a day for now….

Now, I wasn’t regularly walking before Monday. My excuse? First, the rain. Then the heat. Then tiredness. By the time I come upstairs from The Dungeon and eat breakfast, it’s already a little too hot to walk comfortably. Then evening, when you can walk in the twilight shadows, I’m either busy with TV watching or just too tired after the labors of the day. In fact, it had been well over a week, maybe closer to two, since I’d walked for exercise.

I made the decision last Saturday that I would shift to a summer work schedule on Monday, and so far, I’ve been faithful to it. My target is to be out the front door by 6:00 A.M. The first three days I was right on the money. That’s a little earlier than my normal rising time, so a longer midday nap time is part of the new schedule.

…but I have to admit I’m glad it’s not a bigger bin.

I see very little activity at that hour. A car or two with people heading to work. One time a jogger. One time a neighbor on his front deck drinking coffee and reading something. I’m back home in around 30 minutes. At that point I head to The Dungeon for my normal routine: devotional reading, prayer, check e-mail and Facebook and book sales (actually non-sales. Then, rather than editing, I do my two special projects.

One of those is digitizing my father-in-law’s letters, limiting myself to one a day, either scanning or transcribing as the case may be. At one letter a day, that project will take a couple of years. The other special project is cleaning up old scan files. All the genealogy research papers and letters I scanned had been saved to a proper filing system still resided on my computer and cloud drive as scan files. Perhaps them being in two (really three) places doesn’t hurt anything, but it’s not “clean”. So I’m going through those scan files, verifying that I saved them to the right folder and gave them the right name, then deleting them from the scan folder.

My goal is to clear away 50 scan files a day, six days a week, so 300 a week. I started with 3400 scan files to deal with. As of Thursday morning, I have 1,700 left. Thus, I have around six weeks more on this project. I’ll check back in with you around the end of July or sometime in August to give a report on this as to how the project is going.

After that, I do my morning stock work, eat breakfast, and maybe work outside awhile in the blackberry patch. I come back inside and go to The Dungeon to cool down and do a little editing.  Midday is still reading in the sunroom, though that is now getting so hot I’ll need to move outside to a shaded area on our woodlot.

So what’s the new project, and how am I going to fit it in a busy schedule? Well, the new project is transcribing the wartime correspondence of my father-in-law, Wayne Cheney. These have been sitting in a plastic bin in our house for close to 30 years, waiting on someone to get them out and read them, do something with them. I decided that time had come, and that these letters from 1942-1945 were of greater importance than the newer letters I had been digitizing. Thus, I have suspended working on the newer letters in favor or the older ones.

I’ll work on them at the rate of one letter a day until I finish the scanned files project, then will accelerate the letters until I finish. I have no idea how many of these letters there are. Having now put together four letter collections, I have a system established and have learned to do this fairly efficiently. But I really have no idea how long this will take me because I don’t know the letter count. By the beginning of August, I hope to have 50 or so letters transcribed.  At that point maybe I’ll count the rest and figure how long the whole project will take me, and make a report.

Sounds like I’ll be busy a while. Busy is good: stimulating to the brain and enforcing discipline. Hopefully, while letter transcribing is going on, I’ll be able to finish the old family photos project and get my next Bible study edited and published.

Stay tuned….

book reviews

Book Review: The Romantic Revolution

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The only benefits I got from this book were a good list of references and greater confidence of my ability to slog through a poorly printed book that did little to inform.

After finishing a couple of books a while ago, I looked for something to read next. I saw, on my worktable in The Dungeon, a book by Vernon Louis Parrington, The Romantic Revolution in America. This is volume 2 in a three-volume work, Main Currents in American Thought.

Where did this come from? I wondered, and how long had it been sitting in plain sight? I had no idea how I got the book, why it wasn’t on a shelf, who Parrington was. My book, published in 1954, was a mass-market paperback in poor condition of a book originally published in 1927. I knew it wouldn’t hold together as I read through its 460-odd pages. The print was exceedingly small, I think a 9 or 10 point font, with quotes a size smaller. I knew a little about the Romantic period in England and some of the main authors, but nothing about its American counterpart.

Perfect, I thought. As an author who avoided learning literature in English classes that I hated, I figured I needed to know this. Despite the poor condition of this volume, the small typeface, and the length of the book, I dove in. I decided to shoot for reading ten pages a day. But I was finishing another book at the same time and trying to get through a backlog of magazines, so I wasn’t sure I could get through it as quickly at my goal.

I also found the subject matter and writing style as, how shall I say it, not conducive to rapid reading progress. As to his writing, Parrington seems more interested in impressing his readers with his writing ability rather than informing them about his subject. I had to slow down and take time to understand what Parrington was trying to get across. Here’s an example, from late in the book, of some of his obtuse writing.

As a Beacon Street Victorian Holmes was as full of virtuous prejudices as an egg is full of meat; but as a rationalist, with a modest scientific equipment that came from his professional training, he kept the windows of his mind open to the winds of scientific inquiry that were blowing briskly to the concern of orthodox souls. Many a barnacled craft was foundering in those gales, and Holmes watched their going – down with visible satisfaction.

That was the type of language you had to slog through from beginning to end.

Then, his subject matter was almost a joke. He covered a lot of writers, but it seemed like most of them were politicians. Few were strictly creative writers as we tend to see them today. From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Clay to Daniel Wesbster, Parrington spends most of his time discussing the writers’ childhood influences and politics and religion, and how they were shaped by them, either positively or negatively. The main thing I got from this book is a good list of new references to possibly use in future volumes of my Documenting America series, should I decide to expand it.

He spent a lot of time explaining how the writers had to overcome the rigid legacy of Puritan Calvinism and embrace the individualism encouraged by Unitarianism. I could sense, as Parrington found major faults in every writer he mentioned, that he was leading up to a positive image of Emerson and the transcendental movement in the Boston area. I was somewhat wrong, however. Emerson he found fault with. But Thoreau, alone among the fifty or so writers analyzed, is the only one who Parrington found positive, who did no wrong.

Should you go out and buy this book? No. But late in the reading, I discovered it’s out of copyright and I got it for free as a Google Play book download. The reading went much easier then. It might be worthwhile for you if you can get it for free. But, if you find it at a garage sale for 50¢, save your money to buy something else you don’t need. 1-star. And, as the book is now in three pieces with a separated cover, it’s going in the recycling bin.

At least I freed up a little space on my worktable.

Author | Engineer